The first days of life baby
Pite
The child requires a large amount of fluid. Children up to the introduction of
complementary foods (not recommended to introduce solid foods before 6 months)
are extremely liquid foods: either breast milk or its substitute - adapted
formula. Often the liquid contained in the diet, it is enough to ensure the
needs of the baby in the water, then pipsqueak will not want to drink later. But
it could be otherwise. First, if the child is breastfeeding, breast milk may
have a personality, for example, be more bold and sweet, with the result that
the child may receive thirst. Secondly, subject to change environmental
conditions: increased temperature, humidity change, which leads to an increase
in the child's needs in the liquid. Thirdly, the increased demand in the liquid
may occur as a result of changes in the status of the baby: fever, diarrhea or
constipation. Therefore, you need to focus not on some abstract figures, but on
the real need for fluid. In addition to offering nutritional drink, but not to
make the drink, and be forced to pour.
You can offer your child extra fluid with anxiety - anxiety can cause thirst.
But in any case do not give the child water immediately before feeding.
Situations where the baby should be offered additional liquid (water):
• for any anxiety, particularly associated with pain and abdominal cramps;
• If the ambient temperature is above 26 ˚ C, the child sweats;
• if a child has a fever or ARI;
• if the chair for more than 5 times a day, or very thin;
• If constipation.
Due to what is provided by additional liquid.
Water. There is 2 versions of drinking water for infants: boiled tap water or
special water in plastic containers that does not require boiling (boiling even
contraindicated). To "improve" the taste of water in it can add fructose the
rate of 1 teaspoon per 200 ml. Mineral water is also possible to give (3
months), pre-firing of its gas (stirring in a glass of mineral water to the
complete disappearance of bubbles).
Children's teas. Special tea is better to give no earlier than would be
introduced the first solid foods. Children's tea is different from the adult
tea, especially the fact that there are no tea leaves. Typically, children's
teas are granulated dry powders containing extracts of herbs, berries and
fruits. Granulated tea prepared almost instantly: the recommended quantity of
tea is filled with warm boiled water, cooled, if necessary, and ready for use.
In addition to proprietary granular teas, parents themselves can brew herbal
(chamomile, lemon balm or mint, dill seed, rose hip), usually 1 teaspoon of dry
matter of boiled water (250 ml) and infused 5 - 10 minutes, after which the
resulting drink is poured into other dishes, so there was no draft. In this tea
you can add a bit of fructose (no more 1chaynoy tablespoons per 200 ml of
water), additives in the tea can be honey or lemon. Giving baby tea, preferably
in the form of warmed to body temperature (breast milk) or at room temperature
(22 - 26 ˚ C). If the child is fed only breast milk, the child should be fed
with a tea spoon. If the child is already familiar with a pacifier, you can pour
a drink into the bottle. One day a baby "has the right" to drink 150 - 500 ml of
child tea, but do not have to pour it forcibly. To quench your thirst for tea is
given in the intervals between feedings.
By its action teas are divided into preventive and curative. Preventive Child
teas contain components that increase the immune defenses, such as vitamin C,
extracts of wild rose, anise, wild berries. Medicinal teas depending on the
composition divided into carminative, soothing, anti-inflammatory, remittent. By
teas with medicinal qualities include drinks cough antipyretic action.
Dill (fennel, dill Italian) has a carminative effect, relieves intestinal
cramping, chamomile, anise, caraway seeds improve digestion, have
anti-inflammatory effect, good refresh and quench their thirst. Mint, lemon
balm, motherwort have a calming effect. When used cold tea with extracts of
licorice, chamomile, thyme, anise. Brier has a tonic effect, stimulating the
immune system. Children's teas from fruits and wild berries tasty, are sources
of vitamins and have a preventative tonic effect. In granulated teas are still
different carbohydrates (sugar, grape sugar). On the one hand, for most children
it is not dangerous, as the number of calculated, and the carbohydrates
themselves "fed" healthy bacteria in the gut. On the other hand, children with a
marked shortage of enzymes (lactase or disaccharidase deficiency, malabsorption
syndrome), children's teas can cause deterioration. It may also be allergic to
some of the components of children's tea. Therefore, to begin the introduction
of children's tea should gradually (the first portion - less than 5 - 10 ml) and
slowly increase.
In the first month of life the baby if necessary, can be given dill water, and a
children's tea, consisting only of fennel. From 1 month you can drink tea, baby
child, which includes chamomile or Italian fennel. Therapeutic and preventive
teas with mint, anise, caraway (stomach teas, soothing teas) can be given from 2
months, with wild roses - from 3 months. Tea with a complicated composition
(herbal), and teas with fruit and berry supplements can enter a child of 4
months or later. Lemon juice can be added to 5 months, and honey - to 7 months.
Vitamin teas are usually recommended 6 months. After 10 months allowed any child
teas, and after a year you can already brew and "adult" tea, but certainly not
strong.
Compotes, fruit drinks. You can start building with 4-6 months: first as a
dilute decoctions of dried apricots, prunes, dried fruit (such broth should be
approximately 5 times less concentrated than ordinary fruit compote). Close to 4
months can offer the berry juice (10 to crush the berries and pour 200 - 250 ml
of water). The berries can be fresh or frozen. After 5 months, the child may be
given to ordinary stewed fruit.
Juices. Juices may be introduced as solid foods no earlier than 4-6 months
(although once there was a tradition to introduce juice from 1 month, but then
it was proved that such a practice is wrong, due to the immaturity of enzymatic
systems of the baby). Juices are eating (as they require active and enzyme
systems to work properly)! But at the same time, they are not counted in the
total supply. The daily amount of juice in children the first year of life is:
10 ml multiplied by the child's age in months (six months, the baby can receive
60 ml of juice per day). This amount can be dissolved in any quantity of water
and give as an additional drink between feedings.
General rules for the use of beverages: a new drink should be introduced
gradually (from 5 - 10 ml, and better - with the droplets). Water the baby after
feeding. The liquid should be no colder than room temperature, but better -
warm. Children who did not try a pacifier, give additional fluid with a spoon,
otherwise there is the refusal of the breast. Children who are holding a mug,
you can make a drink from a special children's drinking bowl.
Condition deficit of the liquid (termed dehydration or exsicosis) occurs when
insufficient intake or excessive loss of water. Significant loss of water occurs
at a high body temperature, with diarrhea, regurgitation, vomiting,
hyperthermia. Signs of dehydration include: restlessness and crying, the child
eagerly drinking, dry skin and mucous membranes (mouth almost no saliva), maybe
even sharpen the facial features; urination becomes sparse, and dark urine. If
the usual drink is not enough to restore normal fluid balance in the body is
used vypaivanie saline solution (the so-called oral rehydration therapy), and in
case of failure of oral rehydration therapy or ineffective child is required to
fill the loss of liquid through a drip. Try not to bring the child to a state of
dehydration.
How much to give the child water? Much as he drinks. There is a rule in
intensive care: the child to pour through the mouth is impossible. This means
that if you give the child water to drink, and not to drip into a vein, you can
not pour more than a baby can and wants to drink more than he needs. Ie if the
child does not want to drink, he did not drink, so let him drink as much as he
wants.
What type of water to give a child? Better, of course, a baby, but if it does
not, then boiled. Children's water does not need to boil. The water you give to
the usual sterile bottle, from which in future will give the mixture. It is
better to use only hard nipples on the bottle that the child is not left chest.
Usually it is transparent colorless nipples. Yellow in color, soft nipples,
sucking their child easier, as well as all children, however, as adults, are
lazy, the child may choose to give up the bottle and breast.
Regurgitation
Any child born with certain innate reflexes which help the baby adjust to new
conditions to differ materially from intrauterine life. Some of these reflexes -
breathing, sucking, swallowing - are vital, without them, the child can not
survive without medical assistance. Reflexes self catering also are innate and
protect the child from overeating. With reflections of self-regulation, the
child himself "knows" how old he is and when. One of the manifestations of these
reflexes are a regurgitation of surplus food.
A characteristic feature of regurgitation is that they appear suddenly, without
any precursors and occur without significant involvement of the abdominal
muscles. Physiological (normal) are considered regurgitation in children up to
7-9 months. This regurgitation should not be later than 1 hour after feeding,
and they should not be a "fountain" (ie, pressure jet, at a distance). Wellbeing
child under normal regurgitation is not suffering, behavior, appetite and mood
did not deteriorate.
After feeding, the child should be at least 20 minutes to keep vertically
(columns), at this time burps airlock and can leak from the corner of his mouth
a small amount nestvorozhennogo or partly curds of milk. Regurgitation could be
repeated with a change of status of the child or for no apparent reason. It may
seem that the number great belch of food, but if you meet the description of
physiological regurgitation, and the baby gaining weight well - this is not a
problem, and variant rules. About to 7 months the maturation of regulatory
mechanisms of valvular apparatus of the esophagus and stomach, the old reflexes
are replaced by new ones, and regurgitation ceased.
Should be alerted:
- Regurgitation "fountain" - is often a consequence of neurological disorders
(ROT, intracranial hypertension), so first of all, we must show the child
neurologist. Rarely are the cause of regurgitation spasms of the digestive tract
(gastroenterologist treats them).
- Late regurgitation - an hour or more after feeding, until the next feeding.
One can say that the child - "lazy stomach", often at the same time there are
more and constipation. In this case, refer to a gastroenterologist.
- Frequent regurgitation - if the child regurgitate every 5 - 10 minutes, it is
also abnormal. This problem should also apply to the gastroenterologist.
- Regurgitation, accompanied by anxiety and weeping - manifestations of spastic
colic. Pediatrician or gastroenterologist may advise funds from colic.
- Regurgitation after drinking a small amount of food, accompanied by anxiety
and reduced weight gain to no allowances - can be a sign of an anatomical defect
called pyloristenosis (a sharp narrowing of the digestive tube, through which
virtually nothing in the stomach does not get). Such defects are often detected
in the first days after birth and almost immediately operated on, but sometimes,
the identification pyloristenosis occurs at a later date (1 - 3 months). If the
regurgitation of such a nature - always consult a child thoracic surgeon
(usually specialists working in hospitals).
When unphysiological regurgitation physicians can offer to pick up a mixture
that has the antireflux action (reflux - the movement in the opposite direction,
ie regurgitation - is, in fact, reflux). Usually in the name of the mixture is
present adding "antireflyuks. At physiological regurgitation need for such
mixtures no. It is not necessary to introduce therapeutic mixture without
doctor's recommendations. And, of course, you should not completely replace this
with a mixture of breastfeeding.
Children crying
One of the most pressing issues first days and months of life - why the baby
cries? And the first thing that comes to mind - from hunger. But this is not
always the case. There are several reasons for the crying baby:
• something hurts,
• want to eat,
• need to perepelenali,
• want to hand
• want to change the situation
• simply bored (hence need to entertain the child).
If you have reviewed and understand all the reasons that you can not cope, then
contact the doctor.
Bathing baby
Naturally, in the first month, to be exact - until the umbilical wound did not
heal, you bathe your baby in manganese, in a slightly pink solution. It is
important that the solution in a separate pan, then carefully pour into the tub
or bath, no pouring and no sludge pouring out to the end that the crystals of
manganese did not get to where the child would swim.
Why in the first month of the child bathed in potassium permanganate? To
disinfect water. The water you pour, not without microbes, and the child's
umbilical wound open. Why hit microbes in an open wound?
Often parents use boiled water for bathing. It is not necessary. It is simply a
well-washed container, in which you want to bathe the child. If this is a big
bath obschesemeynogo use, then you wash it properly, you can even with
detergent, but then the tool must be thoroughly washed. If this is child's tray,
then once after buying it should be well washed, and then you can just wash it
with soap and water (in fact in bathe her only child), but not erase Papa's
socks.
Do I need a salt for bathing? Medical necessity in this. Probability that the
salt is dry, there is. If you use salt, together with means for bathing, so you
can experiment. But the question is: why? And if a child drinks of this water
and he did not like it? Then the next day he will not swim with joy, and with
the scandal.
How many times a day to bathe the child? Can once. The morning or evening. How
do you prefer. For a child it does not matter. The more that you will not
undermine it once per day. But always, using gel-like tool for cleaning babies.
Do I need to protect the child's mouth, lest he swallowed manganese? Sure. This
is a serious thing. Even worse, when children begin to swallow the grass, where
they bathe carefully. First, a child ingests the grass, and then "it is not
clear why" he begins atopic dermatitis. From the grass, of course. The pancreas
is not going to completely digest any series, or anything else. The body
perceives the grass as a foreign agent, which must be digested, and if not, what
is natural, then that must be addressed. With regard to manganese. She Sterilize
the entire intestine and can cause dysbiosis. But dysbacteriosis safer
suppuration umbilical wound and subsequent omfalita.
Therefore permanganic acid bathing in the first weeks is needed.
Care umbilical wound
After bathing in the first days of life do not forget to handle the navel, too -
potassium permanganate and peroxide. 2-4 times per day.
What peroxide? In order to see healed navel or not. If peroxide foams, after you
have filled it in the navel or well-soaked ear stick struck, then the wound is
not completely closed, and there is fresh blood. So navel must continue to work
with. If the peroxide does not foam, it must be a few more days to process
control - the wound can be closed, but then on any effort, stresses again the
autopsy.
After the hydrogen peroxide you can anoint Zelenko, or potassium permanganate,
do not try to gloss over the navel, so that he was black, because, firstly, to
burn, and secondly, if the doctor comes and wants to look at the condition of
the umbilical wound, it will be very hard to see what is happening there.
Humidity in the room
Very often, especially in urban apartments in the winter, the cause of rhinitis
and nasal congestion baby is not cold and dry air. Not always must remember this
and doctors do not always possible to convince this mother. But the first thing
you should do if a child's cold in winter - call a pediatrician, and the second
- to put moisturizer. It is possible that the arrival of the doctor will have a
runny nose and the child will avoid unnecessary in this case treatment.
While humidifiers are not sold, my mother used to moisten the air drying diapers
in the room, cans of water in the battery, but that, alas, is not enough.
It is felt that humidifiers uncontrollable. How about this? Buy a hygrometer.
But even easier to determine the proper humidity as a child. If he does not
kozyavok in the nose, he is breathing normally, not sneezes and does not have a
cold, then you have a normal humidity and a humidifier can be turned off. No one
is forcing around the clock to use a humidifier.
Why, in fact, in response to the dryness of the baby runny nose? Case in
anatomy, and more precisely in size - the child is small and all, including the
nose and he, too small. In adults, nasal passages rather broad, and all the dust
that gets into the nose, or dry air, usually do not interfere with breathing. A
child is a very small and easily clogged, and this in turn leads to swelling of
the mucous and appear snot, runny nose, all of which can lead to what you
diagnose bronchitis, rhinitis, which you do not, but treatment from which the
child still be appointed. Need this treatment or simply buy a humidifier?
Traveling with baby
At what age can go to rest with the child at the spa? Better after a year. If
you live in Moscow, you can go on holiday with him in Moscow. Ie if the rest
with a child in the same region, without the risk of acclimatization, you can go
to the cottage at any age. The only thing that can disturb the baby, it is
water. If you child will drink different water, do not boil it, it may be
dysbacteriosis, but if you boil it, even then, due to the fact that there is a
different mineral composition, which is different to "feed" bacteria in the
intestines can occur dysbacteriosis. Acclimatization of the water in the Moscow
region - a minimum acclimatization. If you carry a child, for example, in Turkey
or Egypt, at sea, you need to be clearly understood that while the child is not
socially active, then take him to the sea is not necessary. Because, firstly,
the child in the first week of arrival will be acclimatized, and secondly, the
next week he will recover, and then you uedite back and review everything at
home - acclimatization and recovery afterwards. Ie or go with a baby in 3 weeks,
so in the 3rd week of the child can get at least some energy charge. Or not to
change the climate and time zone. Useful travel far - it is 3 weeks or more. But
again ... repeat after year. Before the year - to the country.
You have to understand that even if you drive with your child in 3 years for two
weeks or less, then there is the risk of contracting on arrival to rest and to
return back. Even if you go in 5 years, the risk of acclimatization is. Yes,
it's fun for parents, for a child, but it's not health. This tour, adventure
travel. But not for the sake of health, but for the sake of impressions. It
should be aware of this report, not to dwell in the illusions.
Dream
What should sleep in a child? Approximately as follows: first baby will you have
to sleep all the time, if this does not happen, then it makes sense to call a
doctor, then he will sleep less and less, less and less. If the child does not
sleep while smiling and happy life, let them not sleep. And if he cries,
naughty, perhaps he was tired already perevozbudilsya and should be put down
immediately. And next time just catch the moment of laying to bed earlier,
before the child perevozbudilsya and capricious.
As shown overexcited child? You must first check if there are any other reasons
for the whims, but fatigue and overexcitation: everything was in order with the
diapers a long time if you feed it, etc. And then try and seasick, and if the
child wants to sleep, then sooner or later he will fall asleep. In children,
inhibition is very bad: they are easily excited and inhibited poorly. It can be
as muscle stimulation, and emotional. Therefore, to soothe children have long
and patiently.
In what position should the child sleep? At any convenient for him. The main
thing is that the head was turned on its side - it is necessary to ensure that
the sunken language or pillow under your nose is not blocked breathing. But the
child did not turn his head in a dream, there are special pads that secure the
position of the head and the child at his side.
Swaddling
Diaper before going to sleep or not to swaddle? If the child wakes up with his
hands, you have to swaddle, but if he wakes up, it is not necessary. You very
quickly understand how you behave. There are children who move in his sleep with
his hands and sleep with the good, and there are children who themselves
awakened by these movements. Try to swaddle a baby. Perhaps because it is better
to sleep. If there is no better sleep, swaddle is not required.
Teeth
Typically, the teeth start to come out in 4 months, but may begin to climb
before. In fact, if a child at 2 months of flowing saliva, mucus flow, cough,
temperature rose, then optionally it is ARI, it may begin to climb the teeth.
Because the teeth do not emerge immediately, but gradually. They are separated
from the surface of a certain layer of mucous, which has not a tooth breaks
through, he pushes the consequence of pressure pain. Ie get out of a tooth can
in 4 months, and the painful process can begin earlier. It must be remembered.
What to do in this case (runny nose, temperature, etc.)? Call a doctor, and then
take a tooth gel, mazhte child gum, as described in the instructions, 4-6 times
a day. The child upadaet temperature, restored normal chair, will not leak from
the nose.
What kind of gel should I use? Each gel from the pharmacy for infants to
teething. How does this gel? It relieves inflammation and pain.
Not all children's teeth appear at 4 months old. For some - later. Need to worry
if the first tooth came out to 8 months. In this case, must necessarily show the
child's dentist.
But, as a rule, to the dentist for preventive examination of children brought
much earlier. And very often parents hear from the dentist "your child has a
short frenulum, it must be cut. Do not hurry. Do not rush to follow this advice.
If the child is normal at her breast, then rush absolutely nowhere. Bridle is
made up of elastic tissue and from train, no way is any meal, any sounds,
speech, the cry, - stretch. The algorithm is the same as with any other surgical
intervention - it is better not to cut until you can not cut, yet it does not
hinder anybody to live until the baby is small.
Pacifier
Giving a pacifier or not? Give. Sucking on pacifiers soothe the child. Harm from
the bottle no. Better use orthodontic pacifier - it helps to form a correct
bite. Remember - from the nipples to wean the child will be much easier than
from the thumb-sucking, which, in the absence of nipples in infancy, will
inevitably take its place in the mouth.
Chair
Should the child go to the bathroom after each feeding? Ideally, yes. When
breastfeeding a child should be the chair after each feeding. But the ideal of
children does not happen in today's children, especially in artificial feeding,
the chair can be 1-2 times a day.
Constipation - this is when the child during the day there is no chair when the
child was crying during defecation, and when a child's chair as a sheep.
Diarrhea - is when a child's chair for more than 10 times a day. If the stool
after each feeding infants watery, then most likely it's okay, but no one
bothers to show the child pediatrician.
What color should be the chair of the Child? Ideally, it should be yellow and
mushy, but allowed a small amount of greenery, not ingested by white flakes,
mucus. What to do? Take an dysbacteriosis and determine whether the child's
problems. If the only problem the child is loose stools, then there is no need
to feed him drugs. Especially if it concerns not deliver, and even the priest
does not blush.
Is the chair in the form of water with white flakes sign lactase deficiency? No,
this is not a sign of lactase deficiency. The fact is that all children, to whom
he is appointed to the analysis of stool carbohydrates are higher interest
rates. Doctors, parents - all clutching at his head, saying that it is lactase
deficiency, lactose, etc. designate It's all nonsense. Because the rule is known
only to year-olds. We said that when different enzymes start at different times
and grow in different ways by different children, so if your child has the
enzymes have not yet started, then there could be a year-old dose of enzymes. A
rule of lactase for the month-old baby one output.
If a child flakes in the stool, it does not mean that it does not suit my
mother's milk. This is normal. Adult men, too, not everyone learns that he eats.
How can a child be crap, if not mother's milk? Simply it rolled up, sour, and
we've got cheese.
If the child has no pain, but it 15 times a day, loose stools, whether you want
to go to the doctor? If this is the only complaint, it is possible to treat not
need. But go to the doctor - need. Not the fact that cure is not necessary,
because 15 times - a lot, and loose stools - this is bad, but when viewed from
the doctor and the collection of history becomes clear: to treat or not treat
you?
What does the analysis of staphylococcus? Staphylococcus is different - golden
and epidermal. Epidermal stafilokoki is the norm for all people in the skin, and
if the analysis of breast milk (sown for sterility) you will find the epidermal
staphylococcus, then you continue to feed the baby safely. And if they find a
golden staph, then you go to the doctor who prescribed treatment. In principle,
Staphylococcus aureus can be treated topically. Not to drink antibiotics, they
can be used externally (they can anoint the chest), but treatment can only
appoint a doctor and only full-time.
Of course, in talking about the chair, we can not ignore such a diagnosis, as
dysbiosis.
By Dr. Andrey L.Sokolov, Dr. Yury A.Kopoanev